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“為人民服務的黃金法則”---讀耶魯大學校長在2010屆畢業典禮上的講話 Post By:2010-8-1 10:25:00
2010-07-30 20:50:36 “為人民服務的黃金法則” ——讀耶魯大學校長在2010屆畢業典禮上的講話 錢 宏 題記:成功創辦一所培育國人精神自立與公共意識的大學,由來已久,可謂我此生最大的夢想。當我讀到耶魯大學現任校長萊文先生2010年5月23日在該校應屆畢業生畢業典禮上的講話,更加堅定了我的信念與決心。 萊文先生對耶魯畢業生說這段深情的話語,同樣適用于中國的大學生:“為了克服短淺的意識形態局限,你們必須用你們的思辨能力去考量每一個問題,最終得出全面而科學的結論。為了克服狹隘主義,你們必須把耶魯賦予你們的道德力量發揚光大,而這道德力量的緣起,就是為人民服務的黃金法則。” 同樣,我的信念,來自我對我生活的國度的深切了解與思辨結果。 一、時代背景與大學教育的本質 20世紀后半頁的中國,年輕的共和國正在成長,至世紀末與21世紀的第一個十年,在發展經濟的“硬道理”和“教育產業化理念”支配下,工商管理、工藝技術、自然科學、金融投資等專才教育、實用教育、職業教育,特別是通過“211工程”實施后,我國大學的硬件設施,都得到長足發展,而“文理并舉”(經典審美與科學原理)的通識通才基礎教育、學生精神自立與公民意識培育,在中國的大學教育中受到普遍削弱與忽視。 這種情況,與19世紀初的美國獨立以后開始向中西部發展時期,實用教育與科目受到重視,而古典學科的保守教育方式受到批評和抑制,非常相似。當時,最受詬病的耶魯大學,于1827年9月在校長杰里邁亞·戴牧師帶領下,組織一批教授研討是否應該淘汰那些古典基礎學科,次年發表了一個名為《教學課程報告》報告(又稱the Yale Report of 1828),明確指出:大學教育的目的,不是教導單一技能,而是提供廣博的通識基礎,不是造就某一行業的專家,而是培養領導群倫的通才;大學教育必須提供擴展心理官能力量的訓練和以知識訓練來充實心靈的教養。耶魯大學現任校長萊文在2010屆畢業典禮上依然堅毅而嚴肅地向畢業生指出,耶魯教育的成果,是為了幫助你們形成經受考驗批判精神、思辨習慣和獨立思考能力,在智力上與道義上,都取得超越個人利益的成功。 是時候了,進入21世紀第二個十年的中國大學教育,再也不能只重實用和硬件建設,而深陷“萬眾矚目,人人搖頭”,堂堂中國教育部,變成“被教育部”的尷尬境地。亦應正本清源,“撥亂反正”,回歸大學“博雅通識教育”的本質,著眼于學生身心靈健康與人格成長,培育精神自立能夠領導群倫奉獻世界的通才。 二、傳統特征與大學教育的時代課題 領導群倫奉獻世界的通才,要有超越簡單化的意識形態與狹隘特殊利益集團的公心。我們必須反思這樣的事實,有著2000多年宗法專制主義傳統的中國,人們普遍奉行的是“出人頭地、光宗耀祖”的信條,并不缺乏“生存斗爭”的智謀,“物競天擇,適者生存”這一被夸張了的社會達爾文主義深深植根于我們每一代人心中。我們中國人總體上很難接受,從生物到人類的發展,受惠于“互助”之處,遠過于“互爭”的真理,不懂得合群生活才是生存競爭中最有力的武器,“合群共生”的智慧嚴重不足(所謂“三人一蟲”)。在社會倫理與價值取向上,我們中國人在我者(Myself或Ourselves)與他者(the others)關系,亦即“官民、父子、夫妻、兄弟、朋友”五倫關系之外的“第六倫”陌生者以上的“群倫”關系和意識(尤其是相對“我者”,處于弱勢的陌生人群、弱小國家以及“我者”的“競爭者、過節者、厭惡者、仇恨者”或“異族”、異國、異類及其生活習慣和文化傳統,還有“第七倫”即物事,“第八倫”即神的關系),也就是公共關系和公民意識(個體承載公共性的自我意識),始終未能普遍培育起來。 然而,現代社會政治生活的常識告訴我們,缺乏公共關系與公民意識的人,尤其是僅限于“五倫”關系與“私人”意識的中國人,在追求個人現實成功的道路上,無論成敗得失,都往往難免陷入現實困惑與精神困惑的“雙重困惑”之中,人的身心靈也往往整個兒處于嚴重扭曲與尷尬狀態——精神自立,嚴重不足。由此,我們不難理解,為何中國疾病預防控制中心精神衛生中心2009年初公布的數據顯示,中國各類精神疾病患者人數在1億人以上,重癥精神病患人數已超過1600萬。Gallup World Poll用“生活如意者”、“處身逆境者”、“飽受折磨者”三個指標在2005-2009四年作全球追蹤調查,剛剛公布的人生評估的結果,也可部分解釋中國精神衛生中心公布的驚人數據。反之,這個數據又部分地解釋了在“全球最幸福的國家和地區”中何以中國大陸位列125,香港排名81。 針對上述情況,當代著名大學教育家楊福家先生指出:“強國必先強教”,這正是中國教育的現時代課題。這也是回歸我們祖先倡導的立心、立身、立功、立德、立言之不朽境界,當代中國大學教育,首先,必須擔負起一種責任:使每一位走進大學殿堂的青年人,完成從“私”人走向“公”域的人生觀及其思想知識訓練;其次,必須明白無誤一個真理:在聰明人越來越多的信息時代,基于“成王敗寇流氓文化”的機會主義(坑蒙拐騙、投機取巧、以及兵家之詭術、法家之權術、儒家之偽術等)謀略,就算加上一點新興知識技巧(包括經濟學的思維方式),也都必將越來越不中用、不合時宜;最后,必須引導學子們用心回答每個人與生俱來的,在群倫關系(不是五倫關系)上一個基本問題:我將如何服務(How can I serve)? 因此,中國人需要告別社會達爾文主義的“叢林法則”及其“斗爭哲學”,接受生態文明的“共生法則”及其“共生哲學”。 三、國民精神自立與大學教育的職責 我們認為,國人的“身、心、靈”健康問題,同樣出現在中國的上流社會或精英階層(包括權力精英、財富精英、知識精英),特別是財富精英,亟需完成由“富”而“貴”而“博雅”精神心智轉變。正如180年前《耶魯1828報告》描述美國的情況時所指正的:“我們的國家目前確實正處于繁榮發展的趨勢當中,大量的財富聚集在一些人手中。難道除了單單擁有財富以外,他們不應當得到優良的教育,擁有廣博開放的視野,具有堅實而高雅的成就以及卓越的品質?……讓他們以最光榮的、最有益于社會的方式來使用他們的財富。”我們認為,類似的情況與需求,正在當下中國出現,中國的上流社會或精神階層,也需要得到同等質量的精神滋養。 試問,中國當下各階層人群(從高官到富豪,從草根到精英)中,有誰敢于站出來說自己真正完成了心靈人格成長與精神自立?沒有精神自立的國民,就沒有真正崛起的國家,更不可能對于人類有較大的貢獻。美國“玩賺地球”的投資家羅杰斯說那句讓無數中國人夢中笑醒揚眉吐氣的所謂“19世紀是英國的世紀,20世紀是美國的世紀,21世紀將是中國的世紀”的話,也只能永遠是一句表達過去將來進行時的假話、大話、空話和屁話。這是顯而易見的真理。 中國國民亟需完成精神自立,教育,尤其是大學教育,大有可為! 基于中國執政黨17大率先全球提出“生態文明建設”的時代需要,我們亦相應有創辦大學的新世界觀,這就是上文所述:告別社會達爾文主義的“叢林法則”及其“斗爭哲學”,接受生態文明的“共生法則”及其“共生哲學”。我們從共生起源(Symbiogenesis)的發現,歸納出“共生法則”( Live and let live)——孕育個體自組織力與群體自組織力共通的行為法則;故而通過完善、培育個體的自組織力(宇宙演化的根本動力,個體內在的一種能力),使個體組合的群體、整體臻于完善是可能的。 人為天地之心,生命價值無可估量,“人的身心靈健康,是當今世界最大的政治”,那么教育的首要功能,就是尊重、探索、還原生命的整體價值及其自組織力。 2010年7月21-29日于上海 附錄: 我將如何奉獻(How can I serve)?* ——耶魯大學校長在2010屆畢業典禮上的講話 理查德·查·萊文 你們剛剛完成了一段偉大的旅程。四年來,你們在一個充滿了財富的地方不斷探索。全世界最聰慧、最富創造力的學者和專家為你們授課;你們擁有其他學校望塵莫及的圖書館;你們的博物館包羅人間百態、宇宙萬象;你們可以欣賞到第一流的音樂和戲劇;你們有充滿活力的校內外體育競技;你們身邊是一群永遠卓俊的同學——這一切,都在一座座本身就充滿了靈性與詩意的建筑中為你們呈現。你們與來自五十個州、五十個國家的同學朝夕相處。你們中的許多人都曾利用耶魯充足的國際資源,拓展了自己在海外學習與生活的經驗。 在課堂里,你們完整而嚴密的獨立思考能力通過所學課程不斷得到發展。你們的批判精神和思辨習慣不斷經受考驗。這對你們未來的發展與成功至關重要。在課堂以外,你們的團隊精神和領導才能在數百個學生組織的活動中得到提升。你們的海外經歷加深了你們對不同價值觀、不同文化的包容與理解。你們因此成為與世界相聯通的全球公民。也許你們自己還沒有意識到,你們已經為人生的下一步做好了準備。 你們心中想必對未來還有一些躊躇與顧慮。如果我們依歷史預測未來,那么我們知道,光明坦途就在你們腳下。你們自身的稟賦,以及在這里所經歷的成長,將必定幫助你們在所選擇的道路上取得成功。我們也希望你們能夠相互扶持。回想你們所親歷過的校友們的饋贈,比如院長茶會、客座演講、學院研討,你們就會意識到,這所學校的生活正是倚賴畢業生們的執著與付出而如此豐富多彩。當你們感謝父母時,你們也需要明白,正是一代代耶魯畢業生的回饋,支撐著屬于你們的這個集體。 也許我對你們未來將會實現的人生價值和取得的事業成就過于樂觀了。但是我不這么認為。假如你同意我的觀點,那么請允許我提出一個問題,一個深植于耶魯之精神與傳統,以至于你們中的許多人都已經把他看作與生俱來的問題,那就是:我將如何奉獻(How can I serve)?你將如何把你在學院中為集體奉獻、在紐黑文為這座城市奉獻的精神,帶到你的生活之中,去改善你身邊每一個人的生活?這樣重要的一個問題,在現在這樣的時刻提出,正當其時。請讓我先解釋為什么要提出這樣的問題,然后讓我們看看應該如何來回答。 亞里士多德說,我們每一個人都是天生的政治動物。但是在他眼里,當今的我們也許早已經成為了一個完全陌生的種群。十八個月前,美國選舉出了一位新總統。他肩負的使命是全面而深入地解決這個國家所遭遇到的最緊迫的問題——教育,醫保,氣候變化,以及重塑美國的國際形象。在選戰的后半段,金融危機的影響擴散開來,于是經濟復蘇與金融業改革也被提上日程,列入了這本已十分宏偉的計劃。 之后發生的事情并沒有讓我們相信當前的體制可以有能力解決這些問題。我們出臺的復蘇計劃遠沒有達到預期的效果,而中國采取的相應措施比我們有效的多。十五個月過去了,美國的失業率仍然高達9.9%。經過幾個月的拖延,國會終于通過了一項惠及幾百萬家庭的醫療保障計劃。但是與之相關的高昂成本會讓我們未來幾十年負債累累,國會對此卻完全無人問津。在哥本哈根我們沒能就全球氣候變化達成任何有價值的協議。不僅如此,金融業改革的可能性也在對關鍵癥結的誤解和對報復性舉措的濫用中消耗殆盡。 為什么會這樣?請先讓我提出我的兩點看法,然后讓我們看看這與你們未來的政治生涯以及公民身份有什么聯系。第一,當今的政治決策過程中往往充斥著為了迎合普通選民膚淺的訴求而刻意簡單化的意識形態。第二,美國的政客為了確保再次當選,對手握重金的利益集團過于看重,而對他們的行為到底會給普羅大眾帶來怎樣的利害卻漠不關心。 在聯邦黨人憲章第十篇中,詹姆斯.麥迪遜針對美國憲法剛剛確立的共和政體論述過我上面的第二點看法。他指出,對個人利益的追求永遠無法被完全消滅,但是一個良好的政治制度卻可以最大限度地消除這種追求的負面影響。麥迪遜認為,相比起人人追逐自我利益的直接民主體制,共和體制將會更有效地推選出代表最廣泛群眾利益的人民代表。不僅如此,他還認為,一個由許多不同利益訴求所構成的大共和體,相比起由一小撮競爭黨派構成的小共和體,更易于推動人民代表克服狹隘主義的局限。 但是自麥迪遜的時代以來,我們的政府形式所能發揮的對意識形態和黨派爭端的限制作用已經被大大削弱。導致這一變化的原因至少有兩點。第一,大眾傳媒手段的普及放大了簡單政治口號對普通選民的影響作用。當然,大眾傳媒手段的興起可以通過對選民的教育而達到提高政治決策水平的目的。但是由于結合了第二點原因,即大眾傳媒時代的選戰勝利往往對特殊利益集團的政治獻金過于依賴,大眾傳媒手段便往往被這些利益集團所利用,通過散布過于簡單化的信息,來達到扭曲政治決策的目的。 這樣的變化對于推行科學有效的公共政策所產生的阻礙作用是顯而易見的。比如說,反對醫療保障改革的利益集團給降低醫保成本的計劃貼上了“死刑審判”的標簽,從而使得這些計劃無法得以推行。他們通過鼓吹“政府不干涉醫療保障事業”來阻礙公共醫療保險機制的創立與推進。實際上,僅退休醫保、醫療低保、退伍醫保三項,就承擔了這個國家超過40%的醫療保障成本。我并不想在此事上加入個人偏見(也許我已經加入了)。我只想指出,公共醫療事業的決策過程,如今早已被意識形態和集團利益所扭曲和左右。 我們要怎樣做,才能在全國乃至全球范圍內,逐漸克服這樣過于簡單化的意識形態趨勢和狹隘主義?我認為,我們需要你們在坐的每一個人來改變政治決策的過程。你們來到這里接受教育,為的是培養你們的思辨能力,為的是讓你們學會區分什么是正確的,什么是膚淺的、誤導的、蠱惑的。無論你們所學習的是文學、哲學、歷史、政治、經濟、生物、物理、化學,還是工程,你們都已經可以深入思考,辨識矛盾與悖理之處,并最終得出你們自己的正確結論。你們不僅可以運用這些能力去取得個人的成功,你們也可以為公眾的利益做出貢獻。 在這樣一個欣欣向榮的集體里,你們獲得的點滴教育都指引著你們為超越自身利益的事業而付出努力。在你們的學院里,你們明白了只有互相尊重、互相理解,并且有時犧牲個人訴求,才能構建起一個和諧的集體。這些精神應該在你們離開耶魯之后的生活中得到延續。如果你們將為解決這個國家的問題而奮斗,或者跨越國界,為解決全世界所面臨的諸如氣候變化、恐怖主義、核武擴散等問題而奮斗,你們都必須明白,耶魯教育的成果,是為了幫助你們,在智力上與道義上,都取得超越個人利益的成功。 我知道你們中的許多人一畢業就將成為人民公仆。我也希望你們中的更多人最終會加入這個行列。公共事業的許多領域都需要你們這樣的畢業生去為之努力,不論是作為短期計劃,還是作為終身事業。你們中的許多人都已經報名成為教師。其他人也許會進入商業或者技術領域。無論你們選擇了怎樣的道路,你們都可以為這個國家和世界做出貢獻,只要你們記住,政治決策過程不是用來為意識形態和個人利益服務的。為了克服短淺的意識形態局限,你們必須用你們的思辨能力去考量每一個問題,最終得出全面而科學的結論。為了克服狹隘主義,你們必須把耶魯賦予你們的道德力量發揚光大,而這道德力量的緣起,就是為人民服務的黃金法則。無論你們是為政府工作,還是行使你們作為公民與選民的權利,你們都需要意識到,唯有超越個人利益而惠及整個人類文明的決策,才能最大限度地服務我們每一個人。唯有提高政治決策的水平,我們才能克服意識形態和黨派爭端的局限。你們,作為你們這一代人未來的領袖,必須去直面這樣的挑戰。 為了努力捍衛一個年輕共和國的憲法,亞歷山大·漢密爾頓在聯邦黨人憲章第一篇第一段里寫道: 許多例證都表明,這個國家的人民最關注的重要問題,是這個社會能否在反思與抉擇的基礎之上,建立一個好的政府…… 從兩百二十多年的美國歷史來看,漢密爾頓所提出的問題,應該早已有了一個肯定的答案。我們構建在人民代表制度基礎上的政府與體制是經得起考驗的;我們的法制化進程不斷推進;我們對個人自由的保障遠超出了開國元勛們的設想。但是今天,面對過于簡單化的意識形態,和日益主宰政治決策過程的狹隘特殊利益,我們必須重新思考,漢密爾頓的問題是否仍然有相同的答案。 耶魯大學2010屆的畢業生們:你們作為同輩中受過良好教育的未來領袖,肩負著超越意識形態和黨派局限的歷史責任。你們必須用你們過人的智慧和思辨的精神去提升政治決策的水平。你們必須以公民的身份響應時代的號召。只有通過你們的努力,我們才能保證我們的未來一代能夠在“反思與抉擇”的基礎之上為整個人類文明的福祉服務。你一定能做到。當然可以。 2010年5月23日 詳細出處請參考:http://bbs.rankedu.com/viewthread.php?tid=31862&extra=page%3D1 *說明:標題《我將如何奉獻(How can I serve)?》是我所加。原文標題是Reclaiming Politics,有翻譯成《回歸政治的本來面目》,有翻譯成《重塑政治》的,我把萊文校長講話中的一句話拿來作標題的考慮是:第一避開說政治(中國人對政治的理解非常狹隘,這正是萊文先生批評的簡化的意識形態和狹隘主義雙重表現),第二想突出“奉獻”(serve,服務)的核心意義。 **楊福家校長剛剛發來耶魯大學校長講話的原稿,現附錄在此,希望有心的方家重新翻譯,拜托拜托!——錢 宏 Baccalaureate Address: Reclaiming Politics President Richard C. Levin May 23, 2010 Yale University What a journey you have had! Four years of exploring a place so rich with treasure: courses taught by some of the world’s most brilliant and creative scholars and scientists, a library with few peers, museums that expose you to the full variety of nature and human cultures, musical and theatrical performances of the highest quality, vigorous intercollegiate and intramural athletic programs, and classmates whose excellence never ceases to astonish – and all this set within the imposing and inspiring architecture of a campus that is itself a museum. You have had the chance to interact with classmates from 50 states and 50 nations, and the great majority of you have taken advantage of Yale’s abundant international programs to spend a semester or a summer abroad. In the classroom, you were encouraged to engage thoroughly and rigorously in thinking independently about the subjects you studied. You were challenged to develop the powers of critical reasoning fundamental to success in any life endeavor. Outside the classroom, as you worked productively in the hundreds of organizations you joined or founded, you exercised the skills of teamwork and leadership. In your overseas experiences, you deepened your capacity for understanding those whose values and cultures differ from your own – preparing you for citizenship in a globally interconnected world. You may not recognize this in yourselves, but you are ready for what is next. Understandably, you may be uncertain and a bit anxious about what lies ahead. But, if history is to be trusted, you will find many paths open to you. Because of the talent you possessed before you came here, as well as the intellectual and personal growth you have experienced here, you will find, with high likelihood, success in your chosen endeavors. And we expect you to stay connected. The vibrant life of this university is greatly enriched by the deep commitment and active participation of its graduates – think of all the master’s teas and guest lectures and college seminars offered by our alumni. And keep in mind that when you thanked your parents a few moments ago, you might also have been thanking the generations of Yale graduates whose gifts past and present supported half the total cost of your education. Perhaps I am overconfident about your prospects for personal fulfillment and professional success, but I don’t think so. If you will concede my point for the sake of argument, let’s ask the next question, one so deeply rooted in Yale’s mission and tradition that for most of you, fortunately, it has become ingrained. And that question is: how can I serve? How can I contribute to the wellbeing of those around me, much as we all have done in building communities within the residential colleges and volunteering in so many valuable roles in the city of New Haven? Now is an important time to be asking this question. Let me suggest why, and then let me suggest an answer. Aristotle tells us that we are by nature political animals. But one wonders whether he would recognize the species that we have become. Eighteen months ago, the United States elected a new president who was prepared to address, intelligently and collaboratively, the most pressing problems confronting the nation – education, health care, climate change, and improving America’s image in the rest of the world. Late in the election campaign, the financial crisis intervened, and economic recovery and financial sector reform were added to this ambitious agenda. What has happened since does not inspire great confidence in the capacity of our system to deal intelligently with important problems. We legislated a stimulus package that was less effective than it should have been, and far less effective than the corresponding measures undertaken in China. Fifteen months later, unemployment in the United States is still 9.9%. After months of stalemate, Congress enacted a health care bill that extends care to millions of uncovered individuals and families, but takes only the most tentative steps toward containing the escalating costs that will create an unsustainable burden of public debt within the next decade or two. We failed to address climate change in time to achieve a meaningful global agreement in Copenhagen. And, although financial sector reform now seems to be a possibility, the debate has been replete with misunderstanding of what actually went wrong and a misplaced desire for revenge. Why is this happening? Let me make two observations, and then trace their implications for how you might conduct yourselves as citizens and participants in political life. First, contemporary political discussion is too often dominated by oversimplified ideologies with superficial appeal to voters. And, second, political actors in the United States give too much weight to the interests of groups with the resources to influence their re-election, and too little attention to the costs and benefits of their actions on the wider public. In The Federalist (No. 10), James Madison addresses the second of these observations, in the context of the fledgling republic established by the U.S. Constitution. He notes that the tendency to pursue self-interest can never be entirely suppressed, but it can be mitigated by the proper design of political institutions. In contrast to a direct democracy where individuals would tend to vote their own interests, a republican form of government, Madison argues, will have a greater tendency to select representatives who attend to the broader interests of the whole. And, he further argues, representatives in a large republic constituted of a wide range of divergent interests will find it easier to rise above parochialism than those in a smaller republic comprised of a small number of competing factions. The protections that our form of government offers against ideology and faction have attenuated greatly since Madison’s time, for at least two reasons. First, mass communication increases the opportunity to sway voters by appeal to simple formulations. Of course, the rise of mass communication could be a tool for raising the level of discourse through more effective education of the electorate. But it interacts with the second attenuating factor: that the money required to win elections through the media has created a dependence on funding from special interest groups. And it is these interest groups who distort reasoned dialogue by sponsoring oversimplified messages. It is easy to see how these developments have thwarted recent efforts to shape responsible public policy. For example, the interest groups opposing health care reform defeated efforts to contain costs by labeling them “death panels,” and they defeated the creation of a new public vehicle for providing health insurance by insisting that we must “keep government out of the health care business,” when in fact Medicare, Medicaid, and the Veterans Administration already pay nearly 40 per cent of the nation’s health care bill. I am not taking sides here, only pointing to the fact that intelligent debate on these subjects was crowded out by ideological distortion. How can we create a national and global dialogue that transcends such oversimplification and parochialism? Let me suggest that we need each of you to raise the level of debate. You came here to develop your powers of critical thinking, to separate what makes sense from what is superficial, misleading, and seductive. Whether you have studied literature, philosophy, history, politics, economics, biology, physics, chemistry, or engineering, you have been challenged to think deeply, to identify the inconsistent and illogical, and to reason your way to intelligent conclusions. You can apply these powers of critical discernment not simply to fulfill personal aspirations, but to make a contribution to public life. Every signal you have received in this nurturing community has been unwavering in its message that the growth of your competencies is not to benefit you alone. You have learned in your residential colleges that building a successful community has required you to respect and value one another, and, when appropriate, to moderate your own desires for the benefit of the whole. And so it should be in your lives after Yale. If you are to help to solve this nation’s problems – or work across national boundaries to address global problems such as climate, terrorism, and nuclear proliferation – you will need to draw upon both these fruits of a Yale education: the capacity to reason and the ethical imperative to think beyond your own self-interest. I know that many of you are taking advantage of these first years after graduation to take up public service, and I hope that even more of you will consider this path. There are plenty of jobs in the public sector for enterprising recent graduates; many are short-term but others may lead to careers. Many of you have signed up to be teachers. Others will enter business or the professions. But whatever choice you make, you can help to strengthen the nation and the world – by treating political choices not as triggers for an ideological reflex and not as opportunities to maximize self-interest. To combat reflexive ideologies, you must use the powers of reason that you have developed here to sift through the issues to reach thoughtful, intelligent conclusions. To combat parochialism, you must draw upon the ethical imperative that Yale has imbued in you – an imperative that begins with the golden rule. Whether you serve in government directly or simply exercise your responsibilities as a citizen and voter, recognize that we will all be best served if we take account not merely of our own self-interest, but the broader interests of humanity. To move beyond ideology and faction, we need to raise the level of political discourse. You, as the emerging leaders of your generation, must rise to this challenge. In first paragraph of The Federalist (No. 1), writing about the infant republic whose constitution he was endeavoring to defend, Alexander Hamilton asserts: It has frequently been remarked, that it seems to have been reserved to the people of this country, by their conduct and example, to decide the important question, whether societies … are really capable or not, of establishing good government from reflection and choice … There is much in America’s history of the past two and a quarter centuries that would incline us to conclude that Hamilton’s question has been answered in the affirmative. Our institutions of representative government have proven themselves to be durable; the rule of law has prevailed, and the scope of personal liberty has expanded far beyond what the founders envisioned. But today, in the face of oversimplified ideology and the dominance of narrow interests, we must wonder again whether Hamilton’s question is still open. Women and men of the Yale College class of 2010: It falls to you, the superbly educated leaders of your generation, to rise above ideology and faction, to bring to bear your intelligence and powers of critical thinking to elevate public discourse, to participate as citizens and to answer the call to service. Only with your commitment can we be certain that our future will be decided by “reflection and choice” in the broad best interest of humanity. You can do it. Yes you can.
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